麥麥大學問　各種麥類到底有什麼不同？

Posted on by 早餐吃麥片

作者｜Chad

燕麥、大麥、小麥、黑麥、裸麥、麥麥麥麥麥…

早餐穀片當中充滿了各種麥，吃起來好像也沒有太大的差異，到底有什麼不同呢？

雖然多吃麥好像都很健康，不過有時候就是想知性一下，以後別人問起為什麼要吃麥片的時候就能炫耀一下啦！

 

植物分類看親緣

這些麥其實都是不同「種」喔！依照我們所熟知的生物分類方式：界、門、綱、目、科、屬、種

這些麥都屬於「植物」界、「被子植物」門、「單子葉植物」綱、「禾本」目、「禾本」科

  • 燕麥是於燕麥屬的燕麥種（Avena sativa）
  • 大麥是於大麥屬的大麥種（Hordeum vulgare）
  • 黑麥是於裸麥屬的裸麥種（Secale cereale）
  • 小麥比較複雜，因為受人類栽培發展已久，發展出許多許多的品種

 

像是做義大利麵條的杜蘭小麥（Triticum durum）、有獨特風味的佩斯特小麥（Triticum spelta）等等

每個品種都有自己不同的口感、風味和成分組成喔！

因此在學術上，這些麥類彼此很不相同，雖然有個麥字，但親緣關係其實是很遠的！

喔對了，蕎麥其實不能算是「麥」喔！因為它是雙子葉植物綱、石竹目、蓼科、蕎麥屬的植物！

 

 您可能也會喜歡的熱門影片

最新 UrMart 影片，快上 Youtube 訂閱我們的頻道開啓小鈴鐺！🔔

各種麥麥有什麼差異？

雖然說分類不同，但單看名字還是看不出差異，直接看圖片最快！

what-different-between-poaceae-1

在還沒加工以前，我們可以看得出來麥麥們多少還是能從外表來辨別

有的比較扁長、有的比較渾圓，有人的芒（就是看起來像是豎起毛狀物的結構啦！）比較長…等

如果說到內在的話，不同麥的組成成分也不盡相同，像是多數的小麥就因為有著較高比例的高韌性蛋白質

所以可以磨粉做為麵粉，能進一步做成麵條、饅頭、麵包等製品

燕麥因為富含水溶性纖維素，近十年來成為最火紅的健康食物代表

大麥則因含有多酚的蛋白質，特別適合作為釀酒的原料

 

麥麥命運大不同

若說起各種麥類在人類食用歷史上的發展，那還真的是有各自的命運呢！

小麥簡直是萬人迷，從兩河流域的文明興起開始就與人類共存，並發展出多采多姿的品種與食用方式

適合種植在溫帶地區的它歷久不衰，目前仍是全球總產量第二大的糧食作物！（第一名和第三名是玉米和稻米）

大麥大約與小麥同時被人類馴化，功用不像小麥如此廣泛但能種植在更多樣的環境，像是在青藏高原的青稞就是大麥的一種

較出名的是作為飼料與釀酒的原料，喜歡喝啤酒的就知道，大麥因為有麥芽，釀出的酒有特殊的風味最爽口！

黑麥又名裸麥，是發展比較晚的麥類作物，曾經還被人類視為一般雜草（因為許多雜草與麥類都同屬禾本科）

但它可是西德著名麵包的原料，用此麥類烘烤的全麥麵包既扎實營養又有特殊風味，堪稱一絕！

燕麥的外型跟其他三者較為不同，似鳥羽因此中文稱「燕」，日文也把它形容成烏鴉，過去曾被當作馬糧

現今是歐美地區的早餐點心，近十幾年也在亞洲吹起健康食物的風氣，至今仍被當作解決三高的飲食法寶

 

下次吃麥片的時候也可以注意不同麥類吃起來、看起來、聞起來有什麼不同

多吃多健康，一次吃多種更能營養平衡，你也可以成為麥類專家喔！

 

延伸閱讀：麥片依口感還有分哪幾種？

 

責任編輯｜黃頎皓
核稿編輯｜陳家翔

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